[Apr-2024] ECP-206 Free Sample Questions to Practice One Year Update
Download ECP-206 exam with Ericsson ECP-206 Real Exam Questions
NEW QUESTION # 28
What are two roles of the DHCP protocol in a network? (Choose two.)
- A. It is used to inform hosts about the default gateway.
- B. It provides information about the number of hops between the source and the destination.
- C. It is used by hosts to obtain the IP address and other parameters from the DHCP server.
- D. It provides the authorization function to the network.
Answer: A,C
Explanation:
Explanation
Two roles of the DHCP protocol in a network are:
It is used by hosts to obtain the IP address and other parameters from the DHCP server. DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, which is a protocol that provides automatic and centralized management of IP addresses and other network configuration parameters for devices connected to a network. A host that needs an IP address can send a request to a DHCP server, which will assign an available IP address from a pool and lease it to the host for a certain period of time34.
It is used to inform hosts about the default gateway. The default gateway is the IP address of the router that connects the host to other networks. The default gateway is one of the parameters that can be delivered by the DHCP server to the host, along with other parameters such as subnet mask, DNS server, domain name, etc. The host can use the default gateway to send packets to destinations outside of its local network34.
References: What Is DHCP? (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) - Lifewire, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - Wikipedia
NEW QUESTION # 29
P routers forward packets based on the ______.
- A. VPN label
- B. inner label
- C. flow label
- D. LSP label
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
P routers forward packets based on the LSP label. The LSP label is the label that corresponds to the label-switched path (LSP) that is established between two PE routers in an MPLS network. The LSP label is also called the outer label or the transport label, because it is used to transport packets across the MPLS core network. P routers are also called LSRs (label switch routers) or transit routers, because they switch packets based on their labels or remove the labels. P routers do not need to look at the IP header or any other information in the packet, except for the top label in the label stack. P routers perform one of three possible operations on labels: swap, pop, or PHP (penultimate hop popping). In a swap operation, the label is swapped with a new label, and the packet is forwarded along the path associated with the new label. In a pop operation, the label is removed from the packet, and the packet is forwarded based on its IP header or another label in the stack. In a PHP operation, the label is removed from the packet at the last P router before reaching the egress PE router, and the packet is forwarded without any label to the egress PE router.
The LSP label is different from other types of labels that may be used in MPLS networks, such as VPN labels or service labels. These labels are used to identify different VPNs or services that run over MPLS networks, such as Layer 2 VPNs, Layer 3 VPNs, traffic engineering, or QoS. These labels are also called inner labels or payload labels, because they are related to the payload of the packet. These labels are not used by P routers for forwarding decisions, but only by PE routers for delivering packets to their destinations.
Therefore, the answer is C.
References: Ericsson IP Networking - Routing Protocols, MPLS Fundamentals: Forwarding Labeled Packets - Cisco Press, MPLS Labels and Devices - NetworkLessons.com, Multiprotocol Label Switching - Wikipedia, VPN Packet Forwarding > MPLS/VPN Architecture Overview | Cisco Press, Basic concepts - Hewlett Packard Enterprise
NEW QUESTION # 30
What is the correct ordering (outer to inner) of packet headers in an IP/MPLS packet?
- A. Ethernet, MPLS, IP
- B. MPLS, IP, Ethernet
- C. Ethernet, IP, MPLS
- D. IP, MPLS, Ethernet
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The correct ordering (outer to inner) of packet headers in an IP/MPLS packet is Ethernet, MPLS, IP. An IP/MPLS packet is a packet that is encapsulated with an MPLS label stack between the Ethernet header and the IP header. The Ethernet header contains the source and destination MAC addresses and the EtherType field that indicates the type of the payload. The MPLS label stack contains one or more labels that are used for forwarding decisions by the MPLS routers. Each label consists of four fields: label value, experimental bits, bottom of stack, and time to live. The IP header contains the source and destination IP addresses and other information for routing and fragmentation. The order of the headers is important because it determines how the packet is processed by different devices in the network12.
References: MPLS Label Stack - Cisco, MPLS Fundamentals: 3 - MPLS Packet Forwarding
NEW QUESTION # 31
Which two label actions are performed by a P router? (Choose two.)
- A. drop
- B. swap
- C. php
- D. push
Answer: B,C
Explanation:
Explanation
A P router is a provider router that is part of the service provider's core network in an MPLS environment. A P router does not have any customer routes or VPN information, but only has information about how to reach other P routers and PE routers in the same MPLS domain. A P router performs label switching, which means that it forwards labeled packets based on their top label in the label stack. A P router can perform two possible label actions:
Swap: The P router replaces the incoming label with a new label that corresponds to the next hop along the label-switched path (LSP). The new label is determined by looking up the label forwarding information base (LFIB) based on the incoming label and interface.
PHP: The P router removes the top label from the packet at the penultimate hop before reaching the egress PE router. This is done to avoid an extra lookup on the egress PE router, which can forward the packet based on its IP header or another label in the stack.
A P router does not perform push or drop actions on labels. A push action means adding one or more labels to the packet, which is done by an ingress PE router when initiating an LSP. A drop action means discarding a packet, which is done by any router when there is no matching entry in its LFIB or routing table. References: Provider (P) Router in IP MPLS Network - Cisco Community, MPLS Fundamentals: Forwarding Labeled Packets - Cisco Press, MPLS Label Switching | MPLS Operation | Push, Swap,Push IPCisco
NEW QUESTION # 32
A network operator wants to make sure voice data is prioritized.
In this scenario, to which Ethernet traffic class should it be assigned.
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
A network operator who wants to make sure voice data is prioritized should assign it to Ethernet traffic class 6.
Ethernet traffic class is a term used to refer to the priority code point (PCP) field in the VLAN header of an Ethernet frame. The PCP field is a 3-bit field that can encode up to eight different priority levels, ranging from
0 (lowest) to 7 (highest). The PCP values can be mapped to different types of traffic according to their QoS requirements. The recommended mapping is as follows :
PCP 0: Best effort (default)
PCP 1: Background
PCP 2: Spare
PCP 3: Excellent effort
PCP 4: Controlled load
PCP 5: Video
PCP 6: Voice
PCP 7: Network control
Voice data is a type of real-time traffic that requires the highest priority and lowest delay in the network.
Therefore, it should be assigned to PCP 6, which corresponds to Ethernet traffic class 6 .
References: [IEEE 802.1Q - Wikipedia], [What is "link aggregation" and how does it benefit your network? | PC Gamer]
NEW QUESTION # 33
Which operating system is used in Ericsson Router 6000 products?
- A. ERS
- B. Junos
- C. IPOS
- D. ERS
- E. SE-OS
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The operating system used in Ericsson Router 6000 products is ERS (Ericsson Router Software). ERS is based on IPOS (IP Operating System), which is a common operating system for Ericsson's IP portfolio. ERS provides advanced features and functionality for IP transport, such as MPLS, Segment Routing, QoS, IPSec, synchronization, SDN, and more. ERS also supports seamless integration with Ericsson Radio System and Ericsson Network Manager.
References: Router 6000 Series - Ericsson, Router 6675 Datasheet - Winncom
NEW QUESTION # 34
Based on industry standard practice, what is the correct order of DiffServ priority (highest to lowest) for the DiffServ classes: Default Forwarding (DF), Network Control (NC), Assured Forwarding (AF), and Expedited Forwarding (EF)?
- A. NC, EF, AF, DF
- B. EF, AF, NC, DF
- C. NC, EF, DF, AF
- D. EF, NC, AF, DF
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The correct order of DiffServ priority (highest to lowest) for the DiffServ classes: Default Forwarding (DF), Network Control (NC), Assured Forwarding (AF), and Expedited Forwarding (EF) is EF, NC, AF, DF.
DiffServ is a QoS model that classifies and prioritizes traffic into different service classes based on the DSCP field in the IP header. The DSCP field is a 6-bit field that can encode up to 64 different per-hop behaviors (PHBs). The DiffServ classes are predefined groups of PHBs that have similar characteristics and requirements. The four main DiffServ classes are:
EF: This class provides the highest priority and lowest delay for real-time applications such as voice and video. The DSCP value for EF is 101110 or 46 in decimal12.
NC: This class provides the second highest priority and low delay for network control traffic such as routing protocols and network management. The DSCP value for NC is 110000 or 48 in decimal12.
AF: This class provides four levels of assured forwarding with different drop probabilities for each level. AF is suitable for applications that require guaranteed bandwidth and delivery assurance, such as web browsing and email. The DSCP values for AF range from 001010 to 011110 or 10 to 46 in decimal12.
DF: This class provides the lowest priority and best-effort service for applications that can tolerate packet loss and delay, such as file transfer and backup. The DSCP value for DF is 000000 or 0 in decimal12.
References: Differentiated Services - Wikipedia, DSCP - Differentiated Services Code Point - Mpirical
NEW QUESTION # 35
Which protocol would be used to bundle multiple Ethernet ports into a virtual link with an aggregated bandwidth?
- A. VRRP
- B. ERP
- C. LACP
- D. RSTP
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The protocol that would be used to bundle multiple Ethernet ports into a virtual link with an aggregated bandwidth is LACP, which stands for Link Aggregation Control Protocol. LACP is a protocol that allows two or more devices to negotiate the formation of a link aggregation group (LAG), also known as an EtherChannel or a port channel. A LAG combines multiple physical links into one logical link that provides increased bandwidth, load balancing, and redundancy. LACP is defined in IEEE 802.3ad and 802.1AX standards12.
References: Link Aggregation Control Protocol - Wikipedia, What is "link aggregation" and how does it benefit your network? | PC Gamer
NEW QUESTION # 36
What is the function of LSR from an LDP perspective?
- A. The LSR distributes labels of FEC to its LDP peers.
- B. The LSR distributes packets of LDP to its FEC peers.
- C. The LSR distributes labels of LDP to its FEC peers.
- D. The LSR distributes packets of FEC to its LDP peers.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The function of LSR from an LDP perspective is to distribute labels of FEC to its LDP peers. LSR stands for Label Switching Router, which is a router that forwards packets based on labels rather than IP addresses in an MPLS network. LDP stands for Label Distribution Protocol, which is a protocol that distributes labels for MPLS forwarding along the shortest path calculated by an IGP. FEC stands for Forwarding Equivalence Class, which is a group of packets that are forwarded in the same manner by an LSR. An LSR uses LDP to advertise the label mappings for each FEC to its LDP peers, which are other LSRs that have established an LDP session with it12.
References: Ldp | Microsoft Learn, Label Distribution Protocol - Wikipedia
NEW QUESTION # 37
What is a reason for using VLANs in an IP network?
- A. to implement virtual routing
- B. to enable MAC address learning on a router port
- C. to isolate hosts across multiple IP subnets
- D. to isolate hosts within the same IP subnet
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
A reason for using VLANs in an IP network is to isolate hosts within the same IP subnet. VLANs (Virtual LANs) are logical grouping of devices in the same broadcast domain. VLANs are usually configured on switches by placing some interfaces into one broadcast domain and some interfaces into another. Each VLAN acts as a subgroup of the switch ports in an Ethernet LAN. VLANs allow network administrators to group hosts together even if the hosts are not directly connected to the same network switch. By using VLANs, hosts within the same IP subnet can be separated into different broadcast domains, which enhances security, reduces network congestion, and simplifies network management78.
References: 8 Different Types of VLANs in TCP/IP Networks, What is a VLAN? - Study-CCNA
NEW QUESTION # 38
What is used for Ethernet loop avoidance?
- A. Poison-Reverse
- B. Spanning-Tree
- C. Time-to-Live (TTL)
- D. Split-Horizon
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
Spanning-Tree is used for Ethernet loop avoidance. Spanning-Tree is a protocol that prevents loops in Ethernet networks by creating a logical tree topology of the network switches. Spanning-Tree blocks some of the redundant links between switches to ensure that there is only one active path between any two nodes in thenetwork. Spanning-Tree also detects and recovers from link failures by activating alternative paths when needed56.
References: Network loops and loop avoidance - Medium, Spanning Tree Protocol - Wikipedia
NEW QUESTION # 39
In an Ericsson Router 6000, which command is used to begin making changes to the router settings?
- A. commit
- B. set metric
- C. configure
- D. capabilities
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The command that is used to begin making changes to the router settings in an Ericsson Router 6000 is configure. This command enters the configuration mode, where various commands can be used to modify the router parameters, such as interfaces, protocols, services, security, etc. To exit the configuration mode, the command end can be used. To save the changes made in the configuration mode, the command commit can be used56.
References: Router 6000 Series - Ericsson, Ericsson Router 6000 series (6471/6672/6675) Commands for
2G/3G/4G/5G technologies... - YouTube
NEW QUESTION # 40
Which network is reserved as a private network according to RFC1918?
- A. 10.254.1.0/24
- B. 172.15.1.0/24
- C. 172.16.1.0/9
- D. 193.168.1.0/24
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
According to RFC1918, there are three network blocks reserved as private networks that are not allocated to any specific organization and are not routable on the public Internet. These are:
10.0.0.0/8 (10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255)
172.16.0.0/12 (172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255)
192.168.0.0/16 (192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255)
Out of these, only option B (10.254.1.0/24) falls within one of the private network blocks (10.0.0.0/8). Option A (172.16.1.0/9) is not valid because it exceeds the /12 prefix length of the private network block (172.16.0.0/12). Option C (193.168.1.0/24) is not valid because it does not belong to any of the private network blocks, and is actually assigned to RIPE NCC as a public network block . Option D (172.15.1.0/24) is also not valid because it does not belong to any of the private network blocks, and is actually assigned to ARIN as a public network block . References: RFC 1918: Address Allocation for Private Internets, Private network - Wikipedia, [RIPE NCC IPv4 Address Space Chart], [ARIN WHOIS Database Search]
NEW QUESTION # 41
What is an important difference between OSPF and IS-IS?
- A. OSPF runs directly on Ethernet, while IS-IS runs directly on IP.
- B. OSPF is a distance vector protocol, while IS-IS is a link state protocol.
- C. OSPF runs directly on IP, while IS-IS runs directly on Ethernet.
- D. OSPF is a link state protocol, while IS-IS is a distance vector protocol.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
OSPF runs directly on IP, while IS-IS runs directly on Ethernet. This means that OSPF uses IP addresses to identify routers and links, while IS-IS uses MAC addresses or other link-layer identifiers. OSPF also requires an IP header for each packet, while IS-IS does not. Both OSPF and IS-IS are link state protocols, which means that they flood information about the network topology to all routers in the same area or domain. References: Ericsson IP Networking - Routing Protocols, Ericsson Router 6000 Series - Ericsson
NEW QUESTION # 42
In a company network, a host sends an Ethernet frame destined to the address FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF.
What will an Ethernet switch do with this frame?
- A. It will forward the frame to only one port.
- B. It will drop it.
- C. It will send the frame only to management port.
- D. It will forward the frame to all ports.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
An Ethernet switch will forward the frame to all ports when the destination address is FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF.
This is because this address is the broadcast MAC address, which means that the frame is intended for all devices on the same LAN segment. The switch does not need to look up its MAC address table to find a matching entry for this address, but simply floods the frame out of all ports except the one where it received the frame. This way, the frame reaches every device on the LAN segment, regardless of their MAC addresses. References: Ethernet - Wireshark, Broadcast MAC Address - omnisecu.com
NEW QUESTION # 43
IPv6 link-local addresses are designed to be used in which three situations? (Choose three.)
- A. when routers are not present
- B. for neighbor discovery
- C. for local IP communication on the IPv6 capable routers
- D. addressing on a single link for purposes such as auto-address configuration
- E. by routers to forward packets with link-local source addresses to other links
Answer: B,C,D
Explanation:
Explanation
IPv6 link-local addresses are designed to be used in three situations: for neighbor discovery, for local IP communication on the IPv6 capable routers, and for addressing on a single link for purposes such as auto-address configuration. Neighbor discovery is a protocol that allows IPv6 nodes to discover each other and learn their link-layer addresses on a local network. Neighbor discovery uses link-local addresses to send and receive messages such as router advertisements, router solicitations, neighbor advertisements, and neighbor solicitations34. Local IP communication on the IPv6 capable routers refers to the ability of routers to exchange routing information or management traffic using their link-local addresses as source and destination addresses. This reduces the need for global unicast addresses on router interfaces that are not reachable from outside the local network35. Addressing on a single link for purposes such as auto-address configuration refers to the use of link-local addresses to enable IPv6 nodes to obtain an address without manual configuration or a DHCP server. Link-local addresses can be automatically derived from the interface identifier in the modified EUI-64 format or randomly generated. Link-local addresses can also be used to test the connectivity of a link before obtaining a global unicast address36.
References: Understand the IPv6 Link-Local Address - Cisco, Link Local Address - GeeksforGeeks, IPv6 Address Types | Link-Local, Global Unicast, etc. IPCisco, MPLS Label Distribution Protocol Commands - Cisco
NEW QUESTION # 44
Review the exhibit.
A service provider wants to connect the sites for two customers (indicated in red and green in the exhibit). The two customers are using the same IP ranges 192.168.0.0/16.
Referring to the exhibit, what should the service provider do to accomplish this task?
- A. Use a separate OSPF instance for each customer.
- B. Use a unique AS number for each customer.
- C. Implement L3VPN using the MP-BGP protocol.
- D. Connect each customer to dedicated PEs.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
Referring to the exhibit, the service provider should implement L3VPN using the MP-BGP protocol to connect the sites for two customers (indicated in red and green in theexhibit). L3VPN is a type of VPN that uses MPLS to provide IP connectivity between customer sites across a service provider network. L3VPN allows customers to use overlapping or identical IP addresses without causing conflicts or requiring NAT. L3VPN uses MP-BGP to exchange VPN routes between PE routers, which are routers that connect customer networks to the service provider network. MP-BGP is an extension of BGP that can carry multiple address families, such as VPNv4 or VPNv6, along with additional attributes, such as route distinguisher (RD) and route target (RT). RD is used to make customer routes unique within the service provider network, while RT is used to control which routes are imported or exported between different VPNs3 .
References: L3VPN - Layer 3 Virtual Private Networks - Mpirical, [Use of MP-BGP Extensions for IPv6 Interdomain Routing]
NEW QUESTION # 45
In OSPFv2, which route characteristic is used to determine the best path?
- A. packet loss
- B. delay
- C. jitter
- D. cost
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
In OSPFv2, the route characteristic that is used to determine the best path is the cost. The cost is a metric that represents the link bandwidth, delay, reliability, or other factors. The cost is inversely proportional to the bandwidth, meaning that a higher bandwidth link has a lower cost. The cost of a route is calculated by adding the costs of all links along the path. OSPFv2 uses the following formula to calculate the cost of an interface:
Cost = Reference bandwidth / Interface bandwidth in bps
The reference bandwidth is a constant value that can be configured by the network administrator. By default, it is 100 Mbps. The interface bandwidth is the actual bandwidth of the interface in bits per second. For example, if an interface has a bandwidth of 10 Mbps, its cost would be 100 Mbps / 10 Mbps = 101415.
OSPFv2 does not use jitter, packet loss, or delay as route characteristics to determine the best path. Jitter is the variation in latency or delay between packets. Packet loss is the percentage of packets that are dropped or corrupted during transmission. Delay is the time it takes for a packet to travel from source to destination. These characteristics are not part of the OSPFv2 protocol and are not advertised in OSPFv2 LSAs1617.
References: OSPF Metric cost Calculation Formula Explained - ComputerNetworkingNotes, OSPF Cost - OSPF Routing Protocol Metric Explained - Study-CCNA, Open Shortest Path First - Wikipedia, OSPF Metric
= Cost - Cisco
NEW QUESTION # 46
What does an LDP implicit null label cause?
- A. penultimate hop popping by a downstream router
- B. forwarding the packet unchanged
- C. penultimate hop popping by an upstream router
- D. swapping with a new label
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
An LDP implicit null label causes penultimate hop popping by a downstream router. LDP is a protocol that distributes labels for MPLS forwarding along the shortest path calculated by an IGP. An implicit null label is a special label value of 3 that indicates that the downstream router does not need a label to forward the packet to its destination. When an upstream router receives an implicit null label from a downstream router, it removes (or pops) the label from the packet before sending it to the downstream router. This process is called penultimate hop popping (PHP) and it reduces the load on the downstream router, which can forward the packet based on its IP header or another label in the stack59.
References: MPLS Label Distribution Protocol Commands - Cisco, Solved: Implicit null and Explicit null - Cisco Community
NEW QUESTION # 47
Review the exhibit.
Referring to the exhibit, which two Ericsson routers support the 100GE interface? (Choose two.)
- A. Router 6675
- B. Router 6273
- C. Router 6471
- D. Router 6672
Answer: A,D
Explanation:
Explanation
Referring to the exhibit, the two Ericsson routers that support the 100GE interface are Router 6675 and Router
6672. The 100GE interface is a high-speed Ethernet interface that operates at 100 gigabits per second. The Ericsson Router 6000 series is a family ofrouters that provide IP transport for mobile and fixed networks. The Router 6675 is a 5G combined access and E-RAN switch with 100GE interfaces and 320Gb forwarding capacity. The Router 6672 is a high-capacity metro aggregation router with 100GE interfaces and 1.6Tb forwarding capacity12.
References: Router 6000 Series - Ericsson, New Ericsson Router 6000 series couples radio and IP transport for
5G future - Global Brands Magazine
NEW QUESTION # 48
Within an IGP area, which two statements are correct? (Choose two.)
- A. Routers advertise information about themselves.
- B. Routers summarize information they learn from neighbors.
- C. Routers relay information delivered by neighbors.
- D. Routers discard valid but inaccurate information from neighbors.
Answer: A,C
Explanation:
Explanation
Within an IGP area, routers advertise information about themselves and relay information delivered by neighbors. This is how link-state routing protocols such as OSPF and IS-IS work. They flood information about the network topology to all routers in the same area or domain. That information is then used to build a complete network connectivity map and to calculate the shortest path to destinations. Routers do not summarize or discard information within an area, unless they are configured to do so by some filtering mechanism. References: Ericsson IP Networking - Routing Protocols, IP Routing: ISIS Configuration Guide - IS-IS Overview and Basic Configuration
NEW QUESTION # 49
An operator wants to ensure that they can differentiate their traffic types for the purpose of prioritization in their Ethernet LAN and IP/MPLS backbone.
Which three fields would be used? (Choose three.)
- A. VID
- B. ECN
- C. DSCP
- D. PCP
- E. Traffic Class (TC)
Answer: C,D,E
Explanation:
Explanation
To differentiate traffic types for the purpose of prioritization in their Ethernet LAN and IP/MPLS backbone, an operator can use the following three fields:
Traffic Class (TC): This is a 3-bit field in the MPLS label that can be used to indicate the priority or class of service (CoS) of the packet. The TC field can be mapped to the DSCP field in the IP header or the PCP field in the Ethernet header. The TC field can be used by MPLS routers to apply different per-hop behaviors (PHBs) such as queuing, scheduling, and dropping policies to different traffic classes12.
DSCP: This is a 6-bit field in the IP header that can be used to mark packets according to the differentiated services (DiffServ) model. The DSCP field can indicate the per-hop behavior (PHB) that the packet should receive at each router along its path. The DSCP field can be mapped to the TC field in the MPLS label or the PCP field in the Ethernet header. The DSCP field can be used by IP routers to provide QoS for different traffic types34.
PCP: This is a 3-bit field in the Ethernet header that can be used to mark packets according to the IEEE
802.1Q standard. The PCP field can indicate the priority or class of service (CoS) of the packet on an Ethernet LAN. The PCP field can be mapped to the TC field in the MPLS label or the DSCP field in the IP header. The PCP field can be used by Ethernet switches to provide QoS for different traffic types56.
References: MPLS Traffic Engineering - DiffServ-Aware Traffic Engineering, MPLS Traffic Engineering - DiffServ-Aware Traffic Engineering Configuration Guide, Differentiated services - Wikipedia, DSCP and Precedence Values - Cisco, 802.1Q VLAN IDs and Ethernet Interface Types - Juniper Networks, Introduction to Virtual LANs (VLANs) and Tagging - Ubiquiti Support and Help Center
NEW QUESTION # 50
Which two statements are true about link-state routing protocols? (Choose two.)
- A. A distance vector algorithm is very processor intensive compared to Dijkstra's algorithm.
- B. Each router uses a reliable update mechanism to exchange topology information with its neighbors.
C Link-state routing protocols mainly use hop-counts to determine the link cost - C. The advertisement exchange is mainly triggered by a change in the network.
Answer: B,C
Explanation:
Explanation
Link-state routing protocols are one of the two main classes of routing protocols used in packet switching networks for computer communications, the other being distance-vector routing protocols. Examples of link-state routing protocols include Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS). The basic concept of link-state routing is that every node constructs a map of the connectivity to the network, in the form of a graph, showing which nodes are connected to which other nodes. Each node then independently calculates the next best logical path from it to every possible destination in the network.
Each collection of best paths will then form each node's routing table.
Two statements that are true about link-state routing protocols are:
The advertisement exchange is mainly triggered by a change in the network. Link-state routing protocols use a flooding mechanism to distribute information about the network topology to all routers in the same area or domain. This information is encapsulated in link-state packets (LSPs) or link-state advertisements (LSAs), which contain information about the router, its directly connected links, and the state of those links. LSPs or LSAs are sent only when there is a change in the topology, such as a link failure or recovery, or when a periodic refresh timer expires. This way, link-state routing protocols can quickly adapt to network changes and maintain an accurate and consistent view of the network.
Each router uses a reliable update mechanism to exchange topology information with its neighbors.
Link-state routing protocols use a reliable update mechanism to ensure that all routers receive and acknowledge the LSPs or LSAs sent by their neighbors. This mechanism involves sending hello messages to establish and maintain adjacencies with neighbors, sending acknowledgment messages to confirm the receipt of LSPs or LSAs, and requesting missing or outdated LSPs or LSAs from neighbors.
This mechanism ensures that all routers have a synchronized database of LSPs or LSAs, which is used to build a complete network connectivity map and to calculate the shortest path to destinations.
References: Link-state routing protocol - Wikipedia, Ericsson IP Networking - Routing Protocols
NEW QUESTION # 51
What is the purpose of the RT attribute?
- A. to prevent OSPF routing loops in an L3VPN environment
- B. to request BGP neighbors to avoid routing through a private AS
- C. to identify the destination VPN on the efress PE
- D. to indicate an MPLS LSP as the next hop routing target
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The purpose of the RT attribute is to identify the destination VPN on the egress PE. RT stands for route target, which is a BGP extended community attribute that is used in MPLS VPNs. RT is attached to VPN routes by the ingress PE router and is used to control the import and export of routes between different VPNs. The egress PE router uses the RT value to determine which VPN routes belong to which VPN customers and installs them in the appropriate VRF table56.
References: IP Routing: BGP Configuration Guide - BGP-RT and VPN ... - Cisco, <rt>: The Ruby Text element - MDN Web Docs
NEW QUESTION # 52
Which two statements are true about router node hardening? (Choose two.)
- A. IPsec should be implemented to secure IGP routing protocols.
- B. Any unnecessary services should be disabled within each context.
- C. LDAP, using the TLS protocol, should be implemented for remote logging.
- D. Enabling syslog ensures system events are logged to a remote server.
Answer: B,D
Explanation:
Explanation
Two statements that are true about router node hardening are:
Any unnecessary services should be disabled within each context. Router node hardening is a process of securing a router from unauthorized access and attacks by applying various configurations and policies.
One of these configurations is to disable any services that are not needed for the router's functionality or purpose, such as telnet, ftp, http, etc. This reduces the attack surface of the router and prevents potential exploits of these services91.
Enabling syslog ensures system events are logged to a remote server. Syslog is a protocol that allows a router to send system messages and events to a remote server for logging and analysis. By enabling syslog on a router, network administrators can monitor the router's activity and performance, troubleshoot problems, detect anomalies, and audit security events101.
References: Cisco Router Hardening Step-by-Step | SANS Institute, Security Hardening Checklist Guide for Cisco Routers/Switches in 10 Steps, CCNA SEC: Router Hardening - Cisco Press
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